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Sundar Pichai, chief executive officer of Alphabet Inc. and its subsidiary Google, is well known for his efforts to economize time and expenses. Consider this anecdote: When faced with a meeting that in years past took several hours, often on multiple days, to complete, Pichai decided to set clear limits. To keep the meeting brief and focused, Pichai set a(n) __________ agenda. The plan outlined the main points of discussion and discouraged any unrelated tangents. This approach ensured that all key topics were addressed in the allotted time.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
As a devout conservationist, presidential candidate and Senior Senator from the State of Vermont Bernie Sanders believes in the __________ use of natural resources. He promotes practices like recycling and composting, and he advocated for renewable energy sources even before becoming a United States Senator. His lifestyle, according to those around him, reflects his commitment to sustainability.
On his first day of philosophy class, the freshmen were taken aback by their new professor’s teaching style. The professor was known for his __________ lectures, which could often be hard to follow. However, those who were able to keep up with his fast-paced, multidirectional teaching style found themselves enriched by his wealth of knowledge; what initially seemed like tangents that diverged from day’s topic often turned out to be revelatory.
During a recent political crisis in Germany, two leaders who usually disagreed found common ground. Although they were political __________, the two party leaders agreed on the necessity of working together to tackle the economic crisis, which had recently worsened due to the influx of migrants and the increase in energy costs associated with Russian sanctions. Their unlikely alliance brought about several significant reforms in the country.
In 2015, a group of explorers set out to cross one of the harshest environments on Earth, the Gobi Desert, on foot. They intended to prove that ancient communities were able to make the same voyage prior to the use of horses and other beasts of burden for transportation. The __________ landscape of the desert presented an arduous challenge to the explorers, who endured the scorching heat, sparse vegetation, and a lack of water sources.
Alice attended a grand party thrown by her friends, and despite the ostensibly cheerful atmosphere at the party, Alice felt a deep sense of __________. The frivolity of the event seemed superficial to her, and she longed for more meaningful interactions akin to the deep, intellectually stimulating conversations she had with her roommates.
Tech-savvy users were the first to notice the problem with the software update, which brought several new features but also introduced a few __________ bugs. These flaws significantly hindered the usability of the program, leading to widespread complaints from users.
A contract dispute led to a lengthy legal battle between two corporations. The __________ nature of the contract resulted in many disagreements between the two parties. The ambiguous terms were interpreted differently by each side, leading to a prolonged legal battle.
Historically, controlled experiments on humans’ susceptibility to propaganda in a real-world context have been ethically challenging and therefore less common. However, observational studies, surveys, and correlational research have been conducted. An instance in the digital age would be Facebook’s controversial “emotional contagion” study. In 2014, Facebook manipulated the News Feeds of nearly 700,000 users to show more positive or negative posts and then observed the users’ subsequent posts. The study found that users who saw more positive content were more likely to post positive content themselves, while those exposed to more negative content were more likely to post negative content – an example of “emotional contagion.” While this experiment doesn’t directly assess susceptibility to propaganda, it does suggest how the emotional tone of the information we’re exposed to on social media platforms can influence our own emotions and potentially our behavior. This can be extended to understand how strategically crafted messages (i.e., propaganda) might have similar effects.
What is the main idea of the text?
Text 1
Personality tests such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) have been subject to substantial criticism. Critics argue that their reliability and validity are questionable due to their dichotomous nature, which neglects the fact that personality traits exist on a continuum. Furthermore, research suggests that the MBTI lacks predictive validity, as it often fails to accurately predict performance in various professional or educational contexts. Additionally, MBTI results may fluctuate over time, challenging its test-retest reliability. Therefore, caution is advised when interpreting and generalizing the results of such tests for any serious purposes.
Text 2
Proponents of personality tests like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assert that these tools provide meaningful insights into human personality dynamics. They argue that MBTI, grounded in Carl Jung’s psychological theory, assists in understanding and explaining behavioral tendencies. These assessments, despite criticisms, exhibit sufficient reliability, with scores showing consistency over time for many individuals. Moreover, it is argued that the MBTI, while not intended to predict specific job performance, aids in career and team fit decisions, thereby fostering workplace harmony. Thus, when used appropriately, personality tests can contribute significantly to personal development and organizational strategies.
How would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the author of Text 1 regarding predictive validity?
Dr. Daniel Callahan, a noted bioethicist and co-founder of The Hastings Center, has been critical of attempts to drastically extend human longevity. Callahan argues that an excessive focus on longevity undermines the acceptance of a natural life cycle. He maintains that societal resources could be better spent on improving the quality of life for existing populations, rather than striving for life extension. Prolonged lifespans, he argues, could exacerbate social and economic issues, such as overpopulation, scarcity of resources, and the widening of social inequalities. Furthermore, he questions the feasibility and implications of maintaining cognitive function and vitality in dramatically extended lives. From his perspective, the medical aim should be to ensure a good life to a natural age rather than seeking to stretch life to its limits. Callahan contends that a healthy society should be oriented towards coping with the inevitability of aging and death rather than constantly resisting it.
What is the main purpose of the text?
Going to college involves a significant financial investment but also has the potential for substantial returns, both financial and otherwise. A cost-benefit analysis can help prospective students evaluate the potential returns on this investment. Tuition is the most apparent cost, but other factors like room and board, books, supplies, and forgone wages (opportunity cost) during the years of study should also be included. The College Board estimated the average annual cost (tuition, fees, room and board) for a four-year public college to be $21,950 for in-state students, and $38,330 for out-of-state students in 2020-2021. Private colleges averaged $49,870 per year. Over a typical four-year degree program, these costs can accumulate significantly. However, there are, of course, crucial financial advantages for those who obtain a college degree. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median usual weekly earnings in 2020 for those with a bachelor’s degree was $1,248, compared to $746 for high school graduates. That’s an additional $26,104 annually, which over a 40-year working life, amounts to over a million dollars of additional earnings. Furthermore, _____________
Which of the following choices most logically completes the text?
A notable long-term study on the effects of the Chernobyl disaster was conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO). This study examined the impact of the nuclear disaster on both human health and the environment. One significant finding was an increase in thyroid cancer cases among individuals who were children or adolescents at the time of the accident, particularly those who were exposed to high levels of radioactive iodine. This exposure resulted from the consumption of contaminated milk and dairy products. The study also reported an increase in psychological and mental health problems among the affected population. Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorders were more prevalent, largely due to the uncertainty and fear surrounding the long-term effects of radiation exposure. From an environmental perspective, the study found significant radioactive contamination in the immediate vicinity of the reactor, which led to a major impact on local flora and fauna. However, the forced exclusion of humans from the “Chernobyl Exclusion Zone” paradoxically led to __________
Which choice most logically completes the text?
One of the most renowned French poets is Charles Baudelaire, known for his profound influence on modern poetry. Born in Paris in 1821, Baudelaire’s work embraces the themes of beauty, eroticism, death, and the fleeting nature of time. In fact, __________ dramatic recurrence in his poems are often interpreted as obsession on the part of the poet, rather than a more healthy artistic passion.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Coco Chanel, born Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel in 1883, was a revolutionary figure in the fashion world. Despite controversies surrounding her personal life, including her relationships during World War II, ____________ influence continues to resonate in contemporary fashion, with the Chanel brand remaining a symbol of luxury and style.
More than the gravity of the event, the beauty of the event’s natural surroundings was, from the perspectives of the guests in attendance, entirely captivating. The sun began to set; painting the sky with hues of red and orange, ________________________
Born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England in 1564, Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language, leaving behind a vast body of work that includes 39 plays, 154 sonnets, and two long narrative poems. William Shakespeare’s works have endured __________ to be widely studied and performed, revealing timeless truths about human nature.
In 2021, cracks opened on the Cumbre Vieja ridge in the Canary _________ off 2,000-foot-high lava fountains and glowing streams of lava that destroyed nearby marine ecosystems.
Eurasian ___________ among the world’s most intelligent creatures, despite the fact that they do not have a cerebral cortex.
The 1957 Broadway hit The Music Man, with both music and lyrics by Meredith Wilson, was an unrivaled _____________ 5 Tonys (including Best Musical) and ran for 1,375 performances.
The invention of pizza as it it known today occurred in ____________ although flatbreads with various toppings were consumed in the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman cultures many centuries earlier.
The geological record shows that the Earth’s magnetic field reverses every million years or so, but that astounding event has not been associated with any mass ___________ to occur about every hundred-million years.
Endemic to Congo, the okapi is a ___________ a tongue that is 18 inches long that allows the herbivorous creature to feed on over 100 different species of plants.
The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, imposed severe economic sanctions and territorial losses on Germany after World War I. __________ resentment deepened among Germans, who thought the punishment was too severe, providing a breeding ground for extremist ideologies that led to the rise of the Nazi Party and the onset of World War II.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Jane Austen’s novels, written in the early 19th century, predominantly focus on the beauty of domestic life and marriage within the British gentry. __________ they subtly critique the societal norms of her time, presenting nuanced and complex female characters who navigate the constraints of their environment with wit and resilience.
Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity drastically altered our understanding of physics, introducing concepts like space-time and the equivalence of energy and mass. _____________ it paved the way for the development of nuclear energy and technologies, including the construction of nuclear power plants and the creation of atomic weapons.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The student wants to highlight differences among the pyramids mentioned above. Which of the following choices uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this task?
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